In conclusion, the CT images of foramen magnum show sexual dimorphism in our population. To use population specific data would be the most appropriate approach for sex estimation.G-quadruplex is a non-canonical nucleic acid structure formed by the folding of guanine rich DNA or RNA. The conformation and function of G-quadruplex are determined by a number of factors, including the number and polarity of nucleotide strands, the type of cations and the binding targets. Recent studies led to the discovery of additional advantageous attributes of G-quadruplex with the potential to be used in novel biosensors, such as improved ligand binding and unique folding properties. G-quadruplex based biosensor can detect various substances, such as metal ions, organic macromolecules, proteins and nucleic acids with improved affinity and specificity compared to standard biosensors. The recently developed G-quadruplex based biosensors include electrochemical and optical biosensors. A novel G-quadruplex based biosensors also show better performance and broader applications in the detection of a wide spectrum of pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19 disease. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/FK-506-(Tacrolimus).html This review highlights the latest developments in the field of G-quadruplex based biosensors, with particular focus on the G-quadruplex sequences and recent applications and the potential of G-quadruplex based biosensors in SARS-CoV-2 detection.Conducting studies on sharp particulate matter (PM) gradients in Asian residential communities is difficult due to their complex building arrangements and various emission sources, particularly road traffic. In this study, a synthetic methodology, combining numerical simulations and minor field observations, was set up to investigate the dispersion of traffic-related PM in a typical Asian residential community and its contribution to PM exposure. A Lagrangian particle model (GRAL) was applied to estimate the spatiotemporal variation of the traffic-related PM increments within the community. A detailed topography dataset with 5 m horizontal resolution was used to simulate a micro-scale flow field. The model performance was comprehensively validated using both in-situ and mobile observations. The coefficient of determination (R2) of the simulated vs. observed PM2.5 reached 0.81 by an artery road, and 0.85 in alleys without significant road traffic. The maximum increments of kerbside PM exposure concentration contributed by road traffic during rush hour were found to be 38% (PM10) and 40% (PM2.5). This synthetic method was used to assess the impact of synoptic wind and canyon orientation on residents' PM2.5 exposure related to traffic exhaust. Perfect exponential decay curves of traffic-related PM2.5 were found within canyons. The decrease of road-traffic PM2.5 on five different floor levels, compared with that on kerbside levels, ranged between 42% and 100%. The results demonstrated that in complex Asian communities, Lagrangian particle models such as GRAL can simulate the spatial distribution of PM10 and PM2.5 and assess the residents' outdoor exposure.Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is an essential factor in natural waters to affect the bioavailability of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs). Climate warming may influence the partition of HOCs between DOM and water as well as the physiology of organisms. Thus, we hypothesized that elevated temperature might affect the bioavailability of HOCs in the presence of DOM. To test this hypothesis, the effect of temperature on the bioavailability of pyrene to Daphnia magna (D. magna) in water-DOM (fulvic acid) system was investigated. The results showed that, although the concentration of freely dissolved pyrene increased slightly with temperature in the presence of DOM when the level of total dissolved pyrene was kept constant, D. magna immobilization (increased by 50.0-167%) and internal body burden of pyrene (increased by 18.4-41.5%) increased significantly with every 4 °C increase in temperature (16, 20, 24 °C). The main reasonable explanation for this result is that elevated temperature promoted pyrene uptake by D. magna. It was found that the increase percentage of 1-hydroxypyrene (main metabolite of pyrene) concentrations with temperature was higher than that of pyrene concentrations in the body except gut of D. magna. This result indicated that increased temperature might enhance the metabolic rates of D. magna, thus leading to increased uptake rate of freely dissolved and DOM-associated pyrene. This study suggests that elevated temperature might enhance the bioavailability of HOCs in natural waters through influencing both the bioavailable fraction of HOCs and their uptake rates in aquatic organisms, and this should be considered for evaluating their eco-environmental risks under the context of climate warming.Hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) is being increasingly used in a wide range of applications. Unlike ultrasonic cavitation, HC is scalable and has been used at large scale industrial applications. However, no information about influence of scale on performance of HC is available in the open literature. In this work, we present for the first time, experimental data on use of HC for degradation of complex organic pollutants in water on four different scales (~200 times scale-up in terms of capacity). Vortex based HC devices offer various advantages like early inception, high cavitational yield and significantly lower propensity to clogging and erosion. We have used vortex based HC devices in this work. 2,4 dichloroaniline (DCA) - an aromatic compound with multiple functional groups was considered as a model pollutant. Degradation of DCA in water was performed using vortex-based HC devices with characteristic throat dimension, dt as 3, 6, 12 and 38 mm with scale-up of almost 200 time based on the flow rates (1.3 to 247 LPM). Considering the experimental constraints on operating the largest scale HC device, the experimental data is presented here at only one value of pressure drop across HC device (280 kPa). A previously used per-pass degradation model was extended to describe the experimental data for the pollutant used in this study and a generalised form is presented. The degradation performance was found to decrease with increase in the scale and then plateaus. Appropriate correlation was developed based on the experimental data. The developed approach and presented results provide a sound basis and a data set for further development of comprehensive multi-scale modelling of HC devices.